Guru 6–10 — Key Facts
6Guru Hargobind Ji
1606–1644 CE
- Built fortifications of Amritsar
- Encouraged contribution in form of arms and horses
- Constructed Akal Takht (1609 CE)
- Founded Kiratpur town in Kashmir
- Introduced Nagada (Drum) playing tradition in court
7Guru Har Rai Ji
1644–1661 CE
- Supported Dara Shikoh
- Contemporary of Aurangzeb
8Guru Harkrishan Ji
1661–1664 CE
- Conflict with Bhai Ram Rai over succession
- Contemporary of Aurangzeb
- Youngest Guru — became guru at age 5
9Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji
1664–1675 CE
- Known as Baba of Bakala
- Only elected Sikh Guru
- Executed by Aurangzeb — for refusing to accept Islam
10⭐ Guru Gobind Singh Ji
1675–1708 CE
- Tenth and last Sikh Guru
- Born in Patna | Died in Nanded
- Founded Khalsa Panth (1699 CE)
- Started Pahul tradition
- Title: Sachcha Padshah
- Autobiography: Bachitra Natak (Vichitra Natak)
Panj Kakar (5 K's)
KKesh
KKangha
KKara
KKachha
KKirpan
All 10 Gurus — Quick Reference
| # |
Guru |
Period |
Key Fact |
| 1 |
Guru Nanak |
1469–1539 |
Founder; Sangat; Langar; Gurmukhi |
| 2 |
Guru Angad Dev |
1539–1552 |
Gurmukhi script; Langar regularised |
| 3 |
Guru Amar Das |
1552–1574 |
Contemporary Akbar; 500 bigha land |
| 4 |
Guru Ram Das |
1574–1581 |
Founded Amritsar; Hereditary Guru |
| 5 |
Guru Arjan Dev |
1581–1606 |
Adi Granth; Harmandir Sahib; Executed by Jahangir |
| 6 |
Guru Hargobind |
1606–1644 |
Akal Takht; Nagada; Arms contribution |
| 7 |
Guru Har Rai |
1644–1661 |
Supported Dara Shikoh |
| 8 |
Guru Harkrishan |
1661–1664 |
Youngest Guru; Succession conflict |
| 9 |
Guru Tegh Bahadur |
1664–1675 |
Only elected Guru; Executed by Aurangzeb |
| 10 |
Guru Gobind Singh |
1675–1708 |
Khalsa Panth (1699); 5 K's; Born Patna |
After Guru Gobind Singh — Banda Bahadur
- After Guru Gobind Singh, Banda Bahadur led the Sikhs
- First political leader of the Sikhs: Banda Bahadur
- Established the first Sikh state
- Executed by Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar in 1716 CE
Dal Khalsa (1748 CE)
Under leadership of
Jassa Singh Ahluwalia
Divided into
12 independent Misls
Key Misls
- Most powerful Misl: Bhangi Misl
- Ranjit Singh's Misl: Sukerchakia Misl
- Sukerchakia Misl laid foundation for modern Punjab
- Ranjit Singh's father: Maha Singh (Chief of Sukerchakia Misl)
Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1792–1839 CE)
Father
Maha Singh (Chief, Sukerchakia Misl)
Amritsar captured
1802 CE
Cultural Capital
Amritsar
Treaty of Amritsar (1809 CE)
- Signatories: Ranjit Singh (Sikh side) + Charles Metcalfe (British side)
- Boundary fixed: Sutlej River
- Ranjit Singh accepted British supremacy south of Sutlej
Ranjit Singh's Achievements
- Unified various Misls into a powerful Sikh state
- Built a strong military with European officers (Fakir Azizuddin as foreign minister)
- Created the Sikh Empire — largest north-western state of India
2 Anglo-Sikh Wars
| War |
Period |
Ruler |
Governor-General |
Treaty |
Key Fact |
| First Anglo-Sikh War |
1845–46 |
Duleep Singh (Wazir: Lal Singh; Commander: Teja Singh) |
Lord Hardinge |
Treaty of Lahore (1846) |
Duleep Singh recognized as Maharaja by British |
| Second Anglo-Sikh War |
1848–49 |
Duleep Singh |
Lord Dalhousie |
Treaty of Amritsar |
British acquired Kohinoor diamond. Duleep Singh became a pensioner. |
3 Battles of Second Anglo-Sikh War
| Battle |
Year |
| Battle of Ramnagar |
1848 CE |
| Battle of Chillianwala |
1849 CE |
| Battle of Gujrat |
1849 CE |
War — Quick Match
1st Anglo-Sikh War — Governor-General?
Lord Hardinge → Treaty of Lahore (1846)
2nd Anglo-Sikh War — Governor-General?
Lord Dalhousie → Kohinoor taken
Treaty of Amritsar (1809) — kiske beech?
Ranjit Singh + Charles Metcalfe (Boundary: Sutlej River)
⚠️ Exam Traps
Trap #1 — Guru Arjan Dev — Executed by Whom?
Guru Arjan Dev (5th Guru) ko Jahangir ne execute kiya (1606 CE) — Aurangzeb ne nahi. Guru Tegh
Bahadur (9th) ko Aurangzeb ne execute kiya. Dono alag hain.
Trap #2 — Gurmukhi Script — Kaun?
Gurmukhi script = Guru Angad Dev Ji (2nd Guru) ne initiate kiya — Guru Nanak
ne nahi. Guru Nanak ne Sikhism found kiya, script baad mein bani.
Trap #3 — Amritsar City Founded by?
Amritsar city = Guru Ram Das Ji (4th Guru) ne found ki. Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) =
Guru Arjan Dev Ji (5th Guru) ne banaya. City aur Temple ke founders alag hain.
Trap #4 — Only Elected Guru
Only elected Sikh Guru = Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji (9th) — baki sab hereditary/appointed the. Guru
Ram Das ne Guru position hereditary banaya (4th Guru se).
Trap #5 — Khalsa Panth Year
Khalsa Panth founded = 1699 CE by Guru Gobind Singh (10th Guru). Dal Khalsa =
1748 CE by Kapoor Singh (alag cheez). Dono ko mix mat karo.
Trap #6 — 2 Treaties Named "Treaty of Amritsar"
Treaty of Amritsar (1809) = Ranjit Singh + Charles Metcalfe (Sutlej boundary). Treaty
of Amritsar = 2nd Anglo-Sikh War (1848–49) — Kohinoor lia. Dono alag contexts mein — year se identify
karo.
⚡ Quick Recall Cards
Guru Firsts
Sikhism founder?
Guru Nanak (1st Guru)
Gurmukhi script?
Guru Angad Dev Ji (2nd)
Amritsar city?
Guru Ram Das Ji (4th)
Hereditary Guru position?
Guru Ram Das Ji (4th)
Adi Granth (Guru Granth Sahib) compiled by?
Guru Arjan Dev Ji (5th)
Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple)?
Guru Arjan Dev Ji (5th)
Akal Takht (1609)?
Guru Hargobind Ji (6th)
Khalsa Panth (1699)?
Guru Gobind Singh Ji (10th)
Executions
Guru Arjan Dev — executed by?
Jahangir (1606 CE)
Guru Tegh Bahadur — executed by?
Aurangzeb (refused Islam)
Banda Bahadur — executed by?
Farrukhsiyar (1716 CE)
Guru Nanak — Biography
Born where?
Talwandi (Nankana Sahib, Pakistan)
Enlightenment — kahan?
Banks of Kali Bein River
Sons?
Shri Chand + Lakshmi Chand
Famous hymns?
Japji, Sohila, Rehras
5 K's of Sikhism
Panj Kakar = ?
Kesh · Kangha · Kara · Kachha · Kirpan
Founded by?
Guru Gobind Singh Ji (1699 CE)
Dal Khalsa & Ranjit Singh
Dal Khalsa — established kab?
1748 CE — Leader: Kapoor Singh
Most powerful Misl?
Bhangi Misl
Ranjit Singh's Misl?
Sukerchakia Misl
Treaty of Amritsar 1809 — British representative?
Charles Metcalfe
Sutlej River — kiska boundary?
Ranjit Singh + British (Treaty of Amritsar 1809)
Kohinoor — which war mein British ne liya?
2nd Anglo-Sikh War (1848–49) — Lord Dalhousie